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Throughout history, data about Indigenous communities, cultures, and territories have been collected and collated through research and surveillance as part of processes of colonisation and assimilation. Settler colonialism occurs not only on the land but also in the academy where the omission of Indigenous leadership in data production positions Indigenous Peoples as objects of study.

Self-determination and tribal sovereignty are core concepts in the lives and histories of Indigenous Peoples. Within the United States, the peoples of the American Indian and Alaska Native tribes are recognized as both a racial group and a political entity. As of April 2021, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs federally recognizes 574 tribes as Indian entities that are eligible to receive services from the United States. The U.S.