Research on the genetics of Psychiatric, Neurologic, and Behavioral (PNB) phenotypes reveals a panorama of complexity that creates several challenges: 1) the data are difficult for clinicians to assimilate and integrate into their practices, and even more so for patients and other members of society to understand and use; 2) because the traits investigated by PNB geneticists often have significance for our self-perceptions, new data can challenge our self-images in fundamental ways.

This qualitative study is designed to examine the ethical conduct of clinical research, including the conduct of clinical trials, in rural healthcare settings. This study is of great significance since more than half of the clinical research, including pharmacogenomic studies, conducted in the U.S. takes place in physicians' offices, clinics, and hospitals.(1-8) It is no longer unusual to encounter rural physicians, nurses, research coordinators, and hospital administrators who are engaged, in various capacities, in the clinical research enterprise.

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) is an essential requirement for research training in developed countries and most academic and funding institutions require researchers to obtain such training before starting a research project Jordan is one of the more academically established countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region with a high per-capita university education and progressive research agenda. It is also the hub for pharmaceutical drug development with over 20 companies generating generic drugs and exporting it to the region and globally.

While newborn screening (NBS) programs have saved the lives of thousands of children with inherited disorders, the future success of this vital public health program depends on the ability to accurately assess and balance the benefits and harms of screening. The ongoing development of new testing technologies increases the number of disorders screened, which generates more false positive NBS results. Despite decades of research, the scope and magnitude of harms from false positive NBS results remain poorly understood.

PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Researchers engaged in conducting genetic and genomic science are significant players in advancing biomedical science and health care. Through their work, they are a vital part of the ethical, legal, and social outcomes of science, but there is a gp in knowledge concerning how genomic scientists navigate the complex ethical, legal, and social issues related to their research.